The American Water Spaniel (AWS) is a bit of a secret outside of the Great Lakes region. Developed in the river valleys of Wisconsin, he is a rare breed that enthusiasts often call “Wisconsin’s best-kept secret.” But for those who know him, he is the ultimate all-around hunting dog—a “Swiss Army Knife” of retrievers.

He was bred to be a dual-purpose dog: small enough to hop into a skiff (a small boat) without rocking it, yet tough enough to retrieve geese from icy waters. He can flush upland game like a spaniel and retrieve waterfowl like a retriever. With his curly, waterproof coat and happy disposition, he is a charming, versatile companion who loves to work and play. He is a dog who will hunt all day and curl up on the sofa with you at night.

History and Origin: The Wisconsin Little Wonder

The American Water Spaniel is one of the few breeds developed entirely in the United States.

• River Valley Roots: The breed originated in the mid-19th century in the Wolf and Fox River valleys of Wisconsin. Market hunters needed a rugged, versatile dog that could handle the varied terrain: marshes, rivers, and woods. They needed a dog that could “do it all.”
• The Mix: While the exact recipe is lost to history, the AWS likely descends from the Irish Water Spaniel (for the coat and swimming ability), the Curly-Coated Retriever (for endurance), and the now-extinct English Water Spaniel.
• Recognition: The breed was recognized by the United Kennel Club (UKC) in 1920 but wasn’t recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) unti 1940. In 1985, the American Water Spaniel was honored as the official State Dog of Wisconsin.
• A Hunter’s Dog: Despite his skills, the AWS has never been a popular show dog. He remains a working dog first and foremost, bred by hunters for hunters. He is rarely seen in the show ring, which has helped preserve his working instincts.

Physical Characteristics: Built for the Boat

The AWS is a medium-sized, muscular dog. He is slightly longer than he is tall, giving him a sturdy, balanced appearance.

• Height: 15–18 inches (38-46 cm).
• Weight: Males 30–45 pounds (14-20 kg); Females 25–40 pounds (11-18 kg).

Distinctive Features

• The Coat: The breed’s trademark. It is a double coat, ranging from marcel (uniform waves) to tight curls. It is dense and waterproof, protecting the dog from cold water and briars. It has an oily feel.
• Color: Solid liver, brown, or dark chocolate. A little white on the toes and chest is allowed.
• Ears: Long, wide, and lobular, set slightly above the eye line. They frame the face and are prone to ear infections due to poor airflow.
• Tail: Moderate length, covered in hair, and used as a rudder when swimming. It is active and expressive (“merry”).
• Eyes: Yellowish-brown to dark brown, matching the coat color. They have an alert, intelligent expression.

Temperament and Personality

The AWS is a happy, energetic dog with a lot of personality.

The People Pleaser

He is eager to please his owner, but he can be stubborn if treated unfairly. He bonds closely with his family and can be aloof with strangers. He is often described as a “one-family dog.” Early socialization is key to prevent shyness or timidity in new situations.

The Versatile Hunter

He possesses a strong prey drive. He loves to retrieve. If you throw a ball, he will bring it back until your arm falls off. If you don’t hunt, you need to find another outlet for this drive, like fetch, dock diving, or scent work.

The Vocal Watchdog

He can be vocal. He will bark to alert you of anything unusual—a squirrel, a car, or the wind. This makes him a good watchdog, but his tendency to bark (“give tongue”) when excited can be an issue in apartments or if left alone for long periods.

Training and Exercise Needs

Exercise: A Job to Do

The AWS is a working dog. He needs a job.

• Daily Needs: A long walk, a swim, or a vigorous game of fetch is mandatory.
• Swimming: They love water. If you live near a lake or river, you will have a very happy AWS. Swimming is the best exercise for them.
• Sports: They excel in agility, hunt tests, rally, and obedience. They need to burn off mental and physical energy.

Training: The Thinking Dog

He is smart and trainable, but he gets bored easily.

• Variety: Keep training sessions fun and varied. Doing the same drill is boring.
• Positive Reinforcement: He is sensitive. Use treats and praise. Harsh methods will make him shut down or become fearful.
• Recall: Generally good, as they want to stay near you, but the prey drive can sometimes override obedience.

Health and Lifespan

The American Water Spaniel is generally a healthy breed, living 10 to 14 years. Because the gene pool is small (it is a rare breed), responsible breeding is crucial.

• Hip Dysplasia: Can occur. Buying from parents with OFA clearances is important.
• Eye Issues: Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) and cataracts.
• Degenerative Myelopathy: A spinal condition that can cause paralysis in older dogs.
• Pattern Baldness: Some dogs lose hair on the saddle area, thighs, or neck. This is cosmetic and does not affect the dog’s health (though it might make them cold in winter).

Grooming and Care

The curly coat requires maintenance, but not as much as a Poodle.

• Brushing: Weekly brushing is needed to remove burrs and prevent mats.
• Trimming: The coat grows continuously. Regular trimming (every few months) is needed to keep it neat, especially around the ears and feet.
• Bathing: Only when dirty. Frequent bathing strips the natural oils that make the coat waterproof.
• Ears: Check weekly for infection. The heavy, hairy ears trap moisture. Clean them regularly.

Is an American Water Spaniel Right for You?

The American Water Spaniel is a rare gem for the right home.

Yes, if:

• You are an active hunter or outdoors person. You want a dog that can do it all.
• You live near water. He needs to swim.
• You want a medium-sized dog. Not too big, not too small.
• You want a dog that is eager to please. He loves to work for you.

No, if:

• You want a couch potato. He needs activity.
• You live in an apartment. The barking might be an issue.
• You want a dog with a “wash and wear” coat. He needs grooming.
• You are not prepared for a high-energy dog. He is tireless.

For the active family who wants a dog that fits in a canoe, retrieves ducks, and cuddles on the couch, the American Water Spaniel is a loyal, fun-loving, and capable companion who represents the best of American ingenuity.