Pomeranian

The Pomeranian weighs 3 to 7 pounds and is a member of the Spitz family, related to sled dogs like the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky. Although bred down to toy size, the Pomeranian retains the bold character of its larger Spitz ancestors. With its double coat, fox-like face, and plumed tail, it is a compact but alert breed.

The Pom is a vigilant watchdog and loyal companion with an active temperament that belies its small size.

History and Origin: The Sled Dog’s Descendant

The Pomeranian takes its name from the region of Pomerania (now part of Poland and Germany). While the modern Pom is tiny, his ancestors were much larger Spitz-type dogs that pulled sleds, herded sheep, and guarded property. These early Poms weighed around 30 pounds.

The breed’s transformation began when it caught the eye of Queen Victoria. In 1888, she fell in love with a small, 12-pound Pomeranian named Marco while vacationing in Florence, Italy. She brought him back to England and began breeding for smaller size and variety in coat color. Because the Queen loved them, Poms became instantly fashionable. Over her lifetime, the size of the breed decreased by 50%.

Since then, the Pomeranian has remained one of the most popular toy breeds in the world. They have been owned by figures including Marie Antoinette, Mozart, and Michelangelo. Two Pomeranians survived the sinking of the Titanic.

Physical Characteristics

The Pomeranian is a compact, short-backed, active toy dog.

• Height: 6-7 inches (15-18 cm).
• Weight: 3-7 pounds (1.4-3.2 kg). Ideally 4-6 pounds.

Distinctive Features

• Coat: A thick, double coat. The undercoat is soft and dense; the outer coat is long, straight, and harsh in texture. It stands off from the body, giving the dog a puffball appearance.
• Head: Fox-like expression. The skull is slightly rounded but flat on top. The muzzle is short and fine.
• Eyes: Dark, bright, and almond-shaped.
• Ears: Small, erect, and set high on the head.
• Tail: Heavily plumed and set high. It lies flat on the back.
• Colors: Almost any color or pattern is allowed, but orange and red are the most classic. Black, white, cream, blue, brown, and parti-colors are also common.

Temperament and Personality: The Little Napoleon

Pomeranians have what is known as “Small Dog Syndrome” if not properly trained. They truly believe they are giants.

The Boss

Poms are bold and bossy. They will happily challenge a Great Dane. While this confidence is charming, it can be dangerous. You must protect them from themselves. They can be yappy if bored or allowed to become dominant.

Affectionate Nature

For their chosen person, they are highly affectionate. They prefer close contact and do not enjoy being left alone for long periods. Their small size and calm temperament in familiar settings make them suitable as therapy dogs.

The Alert Watchdog

They are excellent watchdogs. They will bark at anything suspicious (a leaf blowing, a doorbell on TV). Early training is essential to teach the “Quiet” command.

Training and Exercise Needs

Exercise

Despite their small size, Poms have energy.

• Indoor Play: They can get a good workout just running around the living room.
• Walks: Short daily walks are great for mental stimulation.
• Caution: Be careful in hot weather. Their heavy coats make them prone to heatstroke. Also, watch out for birds of prey (hawks, owls) if they are in an open yard.

Training

Poms are smart but can be stubborn.

• Positive Reinforcement: They respond well to treats and praise. Harshness makes them defensive.
• Socialization: Critical. Without it, they can become suspicious of strangers and aggressive toward other dogs.
• Housebreaking: Can be difficult. Their tiny bladders mean frequent trips outside. Consistency and crate training are key.
• Barking: Teach “Quiet” early.

Health and Lifespan

Pomeranians are generally a healthy, long-lived breed, often reaching 12 to 16 years.

• Luxating Patella: Slipping kneecaps are very common. Keeping them at a healthy weight is the best prevention.
• Collapsing Trachea: A weakening of the windpipe rings. Use a harness instead of a collar to protect their neck.
• Alopecia X: A condition causing hair loss and darkening of the skin (sometimes called “Black Skin Disease”). It is cosmetic but distressing.
• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar in puppies.
• Dental Issues: Overcrowding of teeth leads to decay. Daily brushing is a must.

Grooming and Care

The Pom’s coat is high-maintenance.

• Brushing: Daily brushing with a pin brush and slicker brush is necessary to prevent mats, especially behind the ears and under the legs. The undercoat sheds twice a year (“blowing coat”).
• Trimming: Regular trimming around the feet, ears, and anus keeps them tidy.
• Bathing: Every 1-3 weeks.
• Professional Grooming: Many owners take their Poms to a groomer every 4-6 weeks for a “teddy bear cut” or simply a good bath and blowout. Never shave a double coat (unless medically necessary), as it may not grow back correctly and ruins the insulation.

Nutrition

Poms have tiny stomachs and high metabolisms.

• Quality: Feed a high-quality kibble for small breeds.
• Wet Food: Can be a nice treat or mixer.
• Treats: Use tiny pieces of cooked chicken or cheese for training.

Is a Pomeranian Right for You?

The Pomeranian is a big personality in a tiny body.

Yes, if:

• You want a devoted, affectionate lap dog.
• You live in an apartment or small home.
• You are willing to commit to daily grooming.
• You want a dog that is alert and will tell you when someone is at the door.

No, if:

• You have small children (Poms are fragile and can be snappy if mishandled).
• You want a quiet dog.
• You are not prepared for the housebreaking challenges.
• You want a dog to go jogging with.

For owners who want an alert, compact companion and are prepared for the grooming and housebreaking demands, the Pomeranian is a rewarding and long-lived breed.